Cortical Hyperexcitability: Understanding, Supporting, and Empowering Staff

In today’s increasingly neurodiverse workforce, understanding lesser-known neurological traits like cortical hyperexcitability is essential for creating inclusive, supportive environments. This blog explores what cortical hyperexcitability is, the challenges and opportunities it presents, and how both local government employers and individuals can respond constructively.

What Is Cortical Hyperexcitability?

Cortical hyperexcitability is a neurophysiological condition where the brain’s cortex responsible for processing sensory input, motor control, and higher cognitive functions becomes unusually responsive to stimuli. This heightened responsiveness stems from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain, leading to excessive neuronal firing.

While often associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Fragile X Syndrome, cortical hyperexcitability can also be present in individuals without a formal diagnosis. In these cases, it may manifest as heightened sensory sensitivity or unusual perceptual experiences.

“Cortical hyperexcitability results from a reduction in, or lack of, short-interval intracortical inhibition. This lack of inhibition leads to overaction in the upper motor neurons that control human movement.” Prof. Matthew Kiernan, University of Sydney

Recent research suggests that cortical hyperexcitability may be a biomarker for early diagnosis in certain conditions, and that it plays a role in shaping how individuals experience the world sometimes in ways that are challenging, but also potentially advantageous.

Challenges Faced by Individuals

For those living with cortical hyperexcitability, everyday environments can be overwhelming. The condition affects how the brain processes sensory information, which can lead to a range of difficulties in both personal and professional settings:

• Sensory hypersensitivity: Individuals may be acutely sensitive to light, sound, textures, or patterns. Fluorescent lighting, crowded spaces, or visually busy environments can trigger discomfort or distress.

• Visual distortions and discomfort: Mid-frequency patterns such as stripes or grids can cause visual anomalies, headaches, or nausea. This is particularly relevant in office settings with patterned carpets, blinds, or digital screens.

• Increased risk of seizures: In clinical populations, hyperexcitability is linked to seizure disorders. While not all individuals with cortical hyperexcitability experience seizures, the risk may be elevated in some cases.

• Cognitive fatigue and difficulty concentrating: The brain’s heightened responsiveness can lead to mental exhaustion, especially in environments with constant sensory input. This can affect productivity, memory, and decision-making.

• Social and sensory processing difficulties: In neurodevelopmental conditions like Fragile X Syndrome, cortical hyperexcitability contributes to challenges in interpreting social cues, managing emotions, and engaging in typical workplace interactions.

Interestingly, even in non-clinical populations, elevated cortical excitability has been associated with out-of-body experiences, visual anomalies, and discomfort when viewing certain stimuli. This suggests that cortical hyperexcitability exists on a spectrum and may affect more people than previously thought.

Statistics and Prevalence

Cortical hyperexcitability is increasingly recognised as a common neurophysiological trait across both clinical and non-clinical populations. While precise prevalence figures are still emerging, research offers compelling evidence of its widespread impact.

In Clinical Populations

• Epilepsy: Cortical hyperexcitability is a defining feature of many forms of epilepsy. In reflex epilepsies, specific sensory or cognitive stimuli such as flickering lights, patterned visuals, or even mental arithmetic can trigger seizures due to hyperexcitable cortical regions.

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Motor cortical hyperexcitability is now considered a biomarker for early-stage ALS, often appearing before other symptoms. Studies show that hyperexcitability is present in both sporadic and familial ALS cases, and is detectable via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and EEG. ALS affects approximately 2.6–3.0 people per 100,000 in Europe, with cortical hyperexcitability observed in nearly all diagnosed cases.

• Fragile X Syndrome (FXS): In FXS, a monogenic neurodevelopmental disorder, hyperexcitability contributes to sensory hypersensitivity, attention deficits, and repetitive behaviours. Research has shown that altered neuron-glia interactions and impaired homeostatic plasticity are key drivers of this excitability.

In Non-Clinical Populations

• A landmark study involving 59 university students found that individuals who reported out-of-body experiences (OBEs) also experienced significantly more visual distortions and discomfort when exposed to mid-frequency patterns an indicator of cortical hyperexcitability.

• These participants also scored higher on measures of temporal-lobe dysfunction, suggesting that cortical hyperexcitability may underlie certain anomalous perceptual experiences even in healthy individuals.

• EEG studies have shown that hypersensitive individuals exposed to intense light stimuli exhibit increased beta and gamma oscillations, markers of cortical hyperexcitability. This neural response is linked to discomfort and sensory overload.

Sensory Sensitivity and Visual Stress

• In migraine sufferers and individuals with visual stress, cortical hyperexcitability has been linked to pattern glare, discomfort from viewing certain visual stimuli, and difficulty habituating to repetitive sensory input .

• These findings suggest that cortical hyperexcitability may be more prevalent than previously thought, especially among those with heightened sensory sensitivity, even without a formal diagnosis.

Opportunities and Strengths

While cortical hyperexcitability is often discussed in clinical or diagnostic contexts, it also presents a range of unique strengths and opportunities particularly when understood and supported in inclusive work environments.

1. Heightened Perceptual Sensitivity

Individuals with cortical hyperexcitability often possess an enhanced sensitivity to sensory input, which can translate into exceptional attention to detail, pattern recognition, and creative insight. This trait is especially valuable in roles that require:

• Design thinking and visual creativity (e.g., architecture, graphic design, urban planning)

• Data analysis and pattern detection (e.g., finance, research, policy evaluation)

• Environmental awareness (e.g., sustainability, community engagement, accessibility audits)

Rather than viewing sensory sensitivity as a limitation, local government employers can leverage it as a cognitive asset, particularly in roles that benefit from nuanced perception and innovative thinking.

2. Increased Neural Plasticity

Cortical hyperexcitability is associated with greater neural plasticity the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself. This means individuals may:

• Learn new skills more rapidly

• Respond well to cognitive training and neurofeedback

• Develop compensatory strategies to manage sensory overload

This adaptability can be a powerful strength in dynamic work environments, especially those undergoing transformation or digital innovation. Councils investing in learning and development programmes can help staff with hyperexcitability harness this plasticity for personal and professional growth.

3. Early Diagnostic Potential

In clinical settings, cortical hyperexcitability is increasingly recognised as a biomarker for early diagnosis in conditions such as:

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Hyperexcitability in motor neurons often precedes physical symptoms, offering a window for early intervention.

• Fragile X Syndrome: Elevated gamma-band activity and sensory hypersensitivity are linked to cortical hyperexcitability, helping clinicians identify and support affected individuals earlier.

For local government HR and occupational health teams, understanding these diagnostic links can improve early support and reasonable adjustments, particularly for staff navigating new or undiagnosed neurodiverse conditions.

4. Enhanced Emotional and Sensory Awareness

Some individuals with cortical hyperexcitability report heightened emotional and sensory awareness, which can foster:

• Empathy and emotional intelligence in leadership and frontline roles

• Sensitivity to community needs, especially in social care, housing, and public health

• Intuitive problem-solving, particularly in complex or ambiguous situations

These strengths align well with the values of public service and can be nurtured through coaching, mentoring, and inclusive leadership development.

What Local Government Can Do

Local authorities have a unique opportunity to lead by example in creating inclusive workplaces for neurodiverse staff, including those affected by cortical hyperexcitability. By embedding thoughtful adjustments and awareness into organisational culture, councils can improve wellbeing, productivity, and retention.

1. Inclusive Workspaces

Workplace design plays a critical role in supporting sensory-sensitive staff. For those with cortical hyperexcitability, visual and auditory stimuli can be overwhelming.

• Non-patterned, low-stimulation environments: Avoid mid-frequency patterns (e.g., stripes, grids) on walls, carpets, and furnishings, which can trigger visual discomfort or migraines.

• Adjustable lighting: Offer dimmable lights, natural light options, and alternatives to fluorescent bulbs. Consider desk lamps or circadian lighting systems.

• Screen filters and overlays: Provide coloured overlays or anti-glare filters for monitors to reduce visual stress. These are inexpensive but highly effective tools.

Example: A council office redesign in collaboration with neurodiverse staff led to quieter breakout spaces, matte finishes on walls, and improved lighting all contributing to reduced sensory overload and increased staff satisfaction.

2. Flexible Policies

Flexibility is key to enabling staff with cortical hyperexcitability to thrive.

• Remote or hybrid working: Allow staff to work from home or quieter environments when needed. This can reduce exposure to overstimulating settings and improve focus.

• Flexible hours: Permit staggered start times or shorter working blocks to accommodate cognitive fatigue and sensory recovery.

Policy Tip: Include sensory sensitivity as a recognised reason for flexible working requests under your HR policy, alongside physical and mental health needs.

3. Awareness and Training

Building understanding across teams helps reduce stigma and fosters empathy.

• Neurodiversity awareness training: Equip managers with knowledge about cortical hyperexcitability and other neurodiverse traits. Include real-life case studies and practical adjustments.

• Inclusive policies: Ensure neurodiversity is embedded in recruitment, onboarding, and performance management. Mention cortical hyperexcitability explicitly in guidance documents to raise visibility.

“When managers understand the sensory world of their team, they stop asking ‘what’s wrong?’ and start asking ‘what do you need?’”

4. Occupational Health Support

Proactive support can prevent burnout and disengagement.

• Access to occupational therapy: OT professionals can assess sensory needs and recommend tailored adjustments.

• Assistive technologies: Offer noise-cancelling headphones, ergonomic equipment, and visual aids.

• Reasonable adjustments: Ensure compliance with the Equality Act 2010, which protects individuals with neurological conditions and sensory processing differences.

Self-Help Strategies for Individuals

While organisational support is vital, individuals with cortical hyperexcitability can also take proactive steps to manage their sensory environment and enhance wellbeing.

1. Visual Comfort Tools

• Coloured overlays and screen filters: These can reduce glare and visual stress, especially when working with text or digital screens.

• Adjust screen brightness and contrast: Use dark mode or custom themes to reduce overstimulation.

  
  

2. Mindfulness and Regulation

• Mindfulness practices: Techniques like deep breathing, body scans, and guided meditation can help regulate sensory input and reduce anxiety.

• Scheduled breaks: Regular pauses in quiet spaces allow the brain to reset and reduce cognitive fatigue.

  
  

3. Neuroplasticity Exercises

• Brain training: Activities like puzzles, memory games, and logic challenges can strengthen cognitive flexibility.

• Movement-based tasks: Dancing, yoga, or using the non-dominant hand for simple tasks can stimulate new neural pathways.

Tip: Try alternating between high-focus and low-stimulation tasks throughout the day to balance brain activity.

4. Sensory Management

• Limit exposure to flickering lights or busy patterns: Choose calm environments and avoid overstimulating media.

• Use noise-cancelling headphones or earplugs: These can help manage auditory sensitivity in busy offices or public spaces.

 “Understanding your sensory profile is like learning your operating manual it helps you navigate the world with less friction and more confidence.”

Conclusion

Cortical hyperexcitability is a nuanced and increasingly recognised neurophysiological trait one that challenges traditional understandings of sensory processing, cognition, and workplace inclusion. While it can manifest as sensory overload, visual discomfort, or cognitive fatigue, it also brings with it a unique set of strengths: heightened perception, adaptability, and diagnostic insight.

In the context of local government, where diversity of thought and experience is essential to solving complex societal challenges, recognising and supporting cortical hyperexcitability is not just a matter of compliance it’s a strategic advantage. Councils that embrace neurodiversity in all its forms are better equipped to foster innovation, empathy, and resilience across their workforce. By creating inclusive environments, offering flexible policies, and investing in awareness and training, local authorities can empower staff with cortical hyperexcitability to thrive not in spite of their differences, but because of them. This is a powerful opportunity to lead by example, shaping a public sector that reflects and respects the full spectrum of human neurobiology.

For individuals, understanding cortical hyperexcitability can be transformative. It allows for greater self-awareness, informed self-care, and the ability to advocate for one’s needs confidently. With the right tools and support, what was once a source of discomfort can become a foundation for growth, creativity, and contribution.

“We are all born with the potential for cortical hyperexcitability. Understanding it is key to unlocking better support and earlier interventions.”  Prof. Matthew Kiernan

As we move toward more inclusive and psychologically safe workplaces, let this be a call to action: to listen more deeply, design more thoughtfully, and support more holistically. Cortical hyperexcitability is not a barrier it’s a signal. And when we respond to it with compassion and curiosity, we build organisations where everyone has the chance to flourish.